競争に勝った男性は…

＞ 関係代名詞 / 分詞 / 限定詞 /

✕ The man having won the race is my brother.

○ The man who won [has won] the race is my brother.

上記×印の表現は英語の統語上の制約に反し、文法的な正確さに欠けています。特定の事柄についてその決定的要素を提示する場合、限定的要素を提示することはできません。下記の表現1)～9)は、上記○印の表現と同様、文法的に問題のない自然な表現です。

1) Anyone having undergone yesterday what he underwent deserves a vacation.

2) Anyone who underwent yesterday what he underwent deserves a vacation.

3) Any man having witnessed the attack is under suspicion.

4) Any man who witnessed the attack is under suspicion.

5) The cat making strange noises now was eating Oreo cookies.

6) The cat who is making strange noises nowwas eating Oreo cookies.

7) Books published before the nineteenth century are very expensive.

8) The train approaching is from Liverpool.

9) He was frightened by an approaching train.

いっぽう、下記の表現1)～3)は、上記×印の表現と同様、英語の統語上の制約に反し、文法的な正確さに欠けています。

1) The people living here twenty years agonow live in Glasgow.

2) I know the fellow living in that house then.

3) He was frightened by the approaching train.